Control Management Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Control Management. Answer: Introduction: Control and controlling is considered as one of the most important managerial function like planning, organizing, staffing, and directing. This function is important because this function helps the management in checking errors and takes actions to rectify those errors for the purpose of minimizing the deviation from standards, and for achieving the stated goals of the organization. As per the modern concept, control is considered as foreseeing action but earlier this function is only used when errors were detected. The main function of controlling is to measure performance and conduct actions for ensuring desired results in the organization. it also helps the organization in ensuring that objectives of the organization are consistent with the accomplishments of the organization. It also helps in ensuring that organization is complied with all the rules and policies adopted by the organization. Therefore, it is very important for the organization to ensure that effective control syst em is implemented in the organization (Banerjee, n.d.). In the present era, control in management means setting the standards, measuring the actual performance of the organization, and take corrective action in this regard. Robert J. Meckler stated the definition of management control, and as per Robert, control in management is defined as systematic effort conducted by the management of the business for the purpose of comparing the performance with predetermined standards, plans, objectives for the purpose of determine whether performance is in line with these standards or not. If performance does not meet the predetermined standards then control management help in taking remedial action for the purpose of ensuring that both human and corporate resources are used in the most effective and efficient manner for achieving the corporate objectives. Management control system is a system which collects and uses the information for the purpose of evaluating the performance of various resources of organization such as human, physical, financial and also the whole organization in context of strategies of the organization. This system also influence of the organization resources behavior for implementing the strategies of the organization. Management control system can be both formal and informal in nature. It is used as tool which helps the management for directing the organization towards the strategic objectives and also in getting the competitive advantage to the organization. Management control is the only tool which is used by the managers in implementing the desired strategies (Guenther, 2011). This paper defines the meaning and important of control management system with the help of the case study, and for this purpose case study is Woolworths Limited (Retail chain). This paper explains the detailed meaning and elements of control management in the Woolworths Limited, and lastly paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Control management: An effective organization is the organization where mangers has understanding of managing and controlling. The main purpose of control is to help the management in motivating and directing the employees in their roles. Understanding the managerial control process and systems is necessary for the purpose of ensuring long term effectiveness in the organization. Without exercising enough control in an organization there is always threat of confusion and chaos. However, in case control system choking in an organization then organization will suffer from erosion of innovation and entrepreneurship. There are number of managers who use number of methods for the purpose of controlling their organization. These executives generally initiate with the mission statement of the corporation for the purpose of communicating the primary objectives of the company to the employee of the company (carpenter Bauyer, n.d.). Some objectives of the organization include other factors such as finding new mar kets for their products or maximize the earnings for primary shareholders of the organization. Top managers of the organization work towards the objectives of the organization by assigning the specific duties to direct reports. Subsequently, direct reports assign tasks to the employees within their department. Top managers then take various key steps for the purpose of controlling the progress of their goals (Jordan Portis, 2014). Management control system is considered as business tool which provides the idea of how well an organization is performing in accordance with the objectives stated by organization. A management control system is considered as: A way through which mangers can frame the objectives of the organization. A way through which mangers can frame the strategies and policies of the organization. A way through which mangers can assess the performance of internal corporate processes A way through manger show performances in relation to declared objectives and policies (Libraries, n.d.; Devos, Buelens Bouckenooghe, 2007).). This system provides the knowledge to the managers for taking decisions and corrective actions whenever necessary in the organization and this translates to the management control. Following are the ways through which top managers can control their organization: Establishing the performance standards- top managers can exercise control in their organization by establishing certain performance standards, and these standards are mainly described in way of clear objectives. This can be understood through example, president of the company desired to increase the stake of the company in the market and also the profit by 5 to 10%.he also wants that his marketing vice president introduce almost 10 new products within the year in the market. Generally, top manager has power to hold various managers accountable for completing the goals of the organization in form of job description. Job description is the summary of the primary job responsibilities of the employee, and it is necessary that these job descriptions must be clearly defined by both executives and human resources when direct reports are hired by top management. Measuring the improvement in the performance- Executives track the goals of the organization on monthly or quarterly basis, and through this way they determine whether their managers are on path to meet the goals of the organization. These organizations may have periodic reviews for communicating the managers who is falling short in achieving the goals of the organization. However, the most important tool used by top managers for controlling the performance is the performance appraisal (Suttle, n.d.; Objective Control, n.d.). Case study: There are number of organization which set strategies and goals for the purpose of leading the organization towards the success and growth. Generally, organization is consists of resources that are human resources and non-human resources which help the organization in its production activities and rendering other services. Various organization set control system which mainly assess the performance of the available resources in context of predetermined strategies and goals set by the organization. It can be said that management control system mainly helps the organization in achieving its objectives (Burke, 2013; Eddy, 2005). Woolworths is the retail organization which is engaged in selling food, liquor, and petroleum. This company is also engaged in home improvement also, and it is considered as the biggest retail chain in the Australia. Organizational structure of this company includes the board of directors, management board, and brands. The board of directors of the Woolworth has responsibility to evaluate and oversee the operations of the organization. Some major brands of Woolworth are BIG W, home improvement, supermarket and petrol, hotels, and liquor group. For the purpose of managing the number of operations and ensures efficiency, management of the Woolworths is involved in the management control system. Management board of the Woolworths includes number of individuals at different positions such as CEO, CFO, and managing director (Grabner Moers, 2013). All of these managers are specialist in their working areas, and they work in their areas for the purpose of collect, analyze and report information related to the performance of these areas. In includes the study of the organization strategy and also make the comparison between the predetermined strategies with the performance of the specific unit of a group within an organization. This system helps the Woolworths in achieving its predetermined objectives. This can be understood through example (Jagd, 2010); performance measurement in Woolworth can be done in these areas that are home improvements, hotels, and others. This performance measurement of the Woolworths includes the detail ed report on the units listed above. Performance measurement is done for the purpose of assisting the board of directors of the company on how to allocate the resources and how to evaluate the performance of these units. Generally, performance of these units is measured on the basis of number of factors such as income earned by the units before interest, tax, and individual relevant items. While conducting the performance measurement, organization not only reviews the report but also considers and reviews other factors such as revenue, expenses and financial cost of the group. Revenue of the organization is based on the fact that organization is able to be recognized, and expenses are depreciation and aromatization, employee benefits, and leases. Depreciation and aromatization are done by estimating the useful life of an asset in the organization, and this assessment helps the organization in determines by how much and after what period asset should depreciate. Employee benefit actually considered as liability to the company. These factors help the management in assessing the performance of the company. After ensuring control management system, organization can ensures effective growth in the sales which automatically increase the earnings of the organization. This can be understood through diagram sated below: It must be noted that each and every organization has its own culture, and this culture identifies the by the organization itself. This culture includes the values which govern the people in the organization and state how to behave and carry out themselves in the organization. Another option to check whether organization strategies are met by using the control system is to ensure that the employees behave as per the standards of the organization (Otley Emmanuel, 2013). This section of the control management control system includes the communication, coordination and motivation. It must be noted that, management control system includes various components such as action, result, and personnel controls. Component related to action ensures that employees must behave in such way that would benefit the organization. Component related to results ensures that outcomes related to any particular performance in an organization are as per the predetermined strategies. Personal control in the co ntrol management system ensures that the type of employees work in the organization is experienced and possesses required qualification, more than educational qualifications. This component also ensures that employees of the organization are loyal towards the organization and hardworking. In the management control system of Woolworths, some factors which contribute in the action control are administration, separation of duties, and those definitions of actions which are acceptable. The administration of the Woolworths is the sole decision maker in Woolworths. Board of directors and their role is also considered as important in the control management, and it can easily identified that decisions taken by the board makes after influencing the actions of the employees. Woolworth is the organization which is big in size and had different number of units, and may not require same management to conduct all its function effectively, which means it is necessary to separate the duties. This helps the management in reducing their workload and it also help in easily identifying those who are accountable for their particular actions. Definitions of acceptable actions includes the observing the actions of employee, tracking their actions, and provide reward for good actions. One wa y through which Woolworth rewards its employees is remuneration, and remuneration paid to the employees is clearly depends on the performance of the employees. Rewarding the good performance of the employees is considered very important because through this way employees get motivated and perform their best for the purpose of performing the actions which mainly aims in achieving the strategies of the organization. Instead of keeping the track of the good actions this activity also tracks the undesired actions of the employees and ensures that such things does not happen again (Dekker, 2004). Current remuneration structure of Woolworths is comprised of two component structures that are: Fixed remuneration which includes base salary, superannuation contributions, and if appropriate then use of fully maintained motor vehicle. The variable or at risk component which is based on performance and also includes cash based Short Term Incentive Plan (STIP) and a Long Term Incentive Plan (LTIP). The complete package of remuneration related to all executives is designed for the purpose of ensuring an appropriate mix of fixed remuneration which includes short term and long term incentive opportunities. The relative weightage of fixed and varied components in relation to target performance changes on the basis of role, level, and complexity. Generally, proportion of remuneration risk increases on the basis of organization responsibility and also accountability level. Woolworths requires significant proportion of senior executives under which total potential reward is at risk for the purpose of awarding the performance in both the short and long term. For the purpose of stating the relationship between the performance of the company and individual, Woolworths mainly aims to position remuneration of all senior executives at: The median of the relevant market for fixed remuneration. Third quartile of the relevant market for total remuneration for outstanding performance. Target of Woolworth in terms of fixed and variable remuneration is as follows (PC, n.d.): Percentage of total target remuneration Fixed remuneration STIP LTIP Directors report to CEO 40% 30% 30% Other senior executives 60% 20% 20% Generally, Woolworths makes sure that at the time when they are hiring the employees for any post or position, then at that time they must set such conditions which result in selection of deserving candidate. Woolworths also arrange some training programs for providing training to their employees because training increase their knowledge related to the particular job (Piltan, Mansoorzadeh, Akbari, Zare, ShahryarZadeh, 2013; Grimshaw, n.d.). There must be enough resources to facilitate the task done, which means Woolworths must allocate its resources in fair manner and there must be enough resources to facilitate the task done. This can be understood through example; director of human resource management must ensure that allocation of human resources are must be done in such manner as it make jobs to be done in efficient and effective way. Result of the action and performance control ensures that the employees of the organization must perform such actions which can be put in place. T hese dimensions generally differ from organization to organization (Cliff notes, n.d.). There is clear example related to tight and loose controls, and dimension shows the criteria at which it is easy to identify the impact of control system on the employees of the company. Tighter control greatly influences the employees of the company such as when considering the tight actions controls, then it can be easily seen that it has very high impact on the employees. They require that employees of the Woolworths are accountable for each and every action they conduct in the organization (Methner, Hamann Nilsson, 2015). They involve lot of constraints to the employees such as restrict the decision making to the higher authorities and in the hand of top management only. It also includes the determination of rules, procedures, and codes of conduct that must be followed by the employees of the organization. Those actions which are not acceptable must be communicated to the employees and organization must set some consequences for any such action. Woolworths can also ensure tighter control if frequent and detailed reviews are done related to the performance of the employees in the organization. When there is lot of diversity in an organization, then cultural control in this regard is generally loose or weak. Tight personnel control includes setting high qualifications for any particular job. As compared to tight controls, loose control does not have high influence on the employees of the organization. Loose controls have conditions and constraints. Lose control is not specific on the regulation of the employees and thus it can cause confusion and ambiguity in the working environment of the organization. After considering the above facts it can be said that management control system is very important aspect of the organization which involves large number of workers in the organization, and it also helps in structuring the performance criteria of the organization. If control management system of the organization is good then it can be said that performance of the organization is good and this results in long term growth and success in the organization. Conclusion: This paper defines the control management system with the help of the case study of Woolworths. Understanding the managerial control process and systems is necessary for the purpose of ensuring long term effectiveness in the organization. Without exercising enough control in an organization there is always threat of confusion and chaos. Control includes three components, and these components are setting standards, measuring actual performance, and taking correct action. In case of Woolworths, Woolworths, some factors which contribute in the action control are administration, separation of duties, and those definitions of actions which are acceptable. References: Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Banerjee, A. What is the Importance of Control in management?. Retrieved on 23rd November 2017 from: https://www.preservearticles.com/2012051932632/what-is-the-importance-of-control-in-management.html. Carpenter, M. Bauyer, T. types and Levels of Control. Retrieved on 23rd November 2017 from: https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/5?e=carpenter-ch15_s02. Cliff notes. Types of Organizational Controls. Retrieved on 23rd November 2017 from: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/principles-of-management/control-the-linking-function/types-of-organizational-controls. Dekker, H.C. (2004). Control of inter-organizational relationships: Evidence of appropriation concerns and coordination requirements. Accounting Organizations and Society, 29, 27-49. Devos, G., Buelens, M., Bouckenooghe, D. (2007). Contribution of content, context, and process to understanding openness to organizational change: Two experimental simulation studies. Eddy, L. (2005). AWWAs Management Development Committee: Providing training opportunities for utility managers. American Water Works Association Journal, 97(8), 32-34 Journal of Social Psychology, 147(6), 607-629. Guenther, T. (2011). Management Control. Journal of Management Control, Volume 1 (4). Grabner, I., Moers, F. (2013). Management control as a system or a package? Conceptual and empirical issues. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 38(6), 407-419. Grimshaw, T. Business Performance Measurements: The Way to Increase Production, Profit and Morale. Retrieved on 23rd November 2017 from: https://www.just4usoftware.com.au/BusinessPerformanceMeasurement.html. Jordan, M. Porties, R. (2014). The Functions of Management as Mechanisms for Fostering Interpersonal Trust. Retrieved on 23rd November 2017 from: https://journals.sfu.ca/abr/index.php/abr/article/viewFile/71/91. Jagd, S. (2010). Balancing trust and control in organizations: Towards a process perspective. Society and Business Review, 5(3), 259-269. Liabraries. Types and Levels of Control. Retrieved on 23rd November 2017 from: https://open.lib.umn.edu/principlesmanagement/chapter/15-4-types-and-levels-of-control/. Methner, N., Hamann, R., Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths. In The Business of Social and Environmental Innovation (pp. 87-104). Springer International Publishing. Objective Control. Management Control System. Retrieved on 23rd November 2017 from: https://www.objectivecontrols.com/management_control_system.html. Otley, D., Emmanuel, K. M. C. (2013). Readings in accounting for management control. Springer. Remuneration report. Retrieved on 23rd November 2017 from: https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/executive-remuneration/submissions/sub091-part2.pdf. Piltan, F., Mansoorzadeh, M., Akbari, M., Zare, S., ShahryarZadeh, F. (2013). Management of Environmental Pollution by Intelligent Control of Fuel in an Internal Combustion Engine. Global Journal of Biodiversity Science And Management, 3(1). Suttle, R. What Are the Main Methods Top Managers Use to Control the Organization?. Retrieved on 23rd December 2017 from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/main-methods-top-managers-use-control-organization-32342.html.

Literature Review Children Behavior

Question: How can you use a story (use one story as example) to ensure the following types of development: i. Language development ii. Intellectual development iii. Personality development iv. Social and moral development v. Aesthetic and creative development Answer: Introduction: Human learning and behavioral development can occur in various ways. As for example, a child may learn various qualities of behavior from a story told to him by his parents. Among the different types of behavioral development, storytelling can take a very significant part to inculcate good behavior in a child and to develop good habits. A story with a good subject matter and moral has the ingredients to shape behavioral development among the children. It has to be conveyed in such a manner that the child understands the main objective of the story and he consumes the entire subject matter and forms his value system based on the learning. Such a story can develop his basic language, personal, social and moral skills and make him a better person as he grows up. Stories like those of Cinderella, Aesops Fables and others have rich content that may help a child grow up with a good value system and character. Personality Development in the Children: Personality development in the children means the method in which the personality of the children is developed and improved. The development in the personality of the children is to fetch some encouraging and constructive changes in the children. This will make the children a better human being and will give a better personality to the children (Wolff, S. 2009). Importance of the Personality Development in the Children: Developing a better personality in the children is one of the important factors. It will help the children to get the positive characteristics of the children and the children may have a good and a positive behavior. That is why all the parents of the children try to groom the personality of their children to get a better personality in their childrens life. Personality development can help the children to interact better with their friends. If the children have a good personality in them then the children can face any type of situation and can solve any type of problem solved by the children. The children can hold the stress if they have good personality. Good personality will help the children to come up to the positive side of the character. Good personalities in children always give an extra confidence to the children. It will also help the children to communicate in a better way with the others. A better personality will always improve the language development (Whitehead, M. 200 9). Taking an example of a story known as CINDERELLA, it shows that the story telling to the children is the best way to teach children. If the parents of the children tell the story of CINDERELLA to their kids it will bring out some positive sides of the children. Like in CINDERELLA, the story is about a beautiful woman who stays with her stepmother and two stepsisters. No one in the house liked her. She has only two friends, two mice and a bird. The stepmother and the two stepsisters of Cinderella always shows rude attitude but Cinderella always listen to them and do not make bad faces to them. One day one old man came to Cinderella to invite her to go for a ball dance with the son of the king. But her step mother and her step sisters do not allow her to go. But one fairy lady came to her and takes her to the ball dance room and gave her a beautiful dress to wear the dress. When Cinderella went into the room the prince liked her and told her to marry Cinderella (Sameroff, A. 2009). This story will help the children to know the importance of friendship, that how two mouse and the bird helped Cinderella to make her work complete. The parents will teach the children not to fight with the other people because Cinderella never fought with her stepmother and with her stepsisters. As she have never fought with other people thats why she got such a beautiful husband and a dress. So, the moral of the story can teach the children that if the children behave well then the children will get better friends in life and every people in the world will love the children (Reed, M. 2009). Language development in the Children: Development of language between the children is incredible. All the parents of the children want to come across the frontward to develop their childrens language. The clandestine to make their children learn the language quickly and to develop the language in them. To develop the language between the children, the parents should follow certain rules. The first year of the children is very important for each and every parent to develop the language among their children. Proper learning goes to the children when the child is in the first year of the childs birth year. Though the learning and development of language is a very long process for each and every child (Piedmont, R. and Village, A. 2009). In the first year of the children birth, the childrens develop the base and the groundwork of language speaking. In the first thirty six months, children have a basic knowledge about the language and they can understand the language but some of the children cannot speak in proper terms of the language in the first thirty six months of the childrens birth. How to encourage the language development of the children: The finest way to give confidence on the childrens speech and the development of language is to talk with the children very often (Payne, M. 2010). Talking with the children: All the parents should give a major priority to talking with their child. This is because this process is very helpful for all the children to learn the language very quickly and to develop the language among the children. Always treat the children as a talker. After talking to the children, the parents should give a chance to the children to reply their answer. This will help the parents to know that how much the baby can answer to their question. This process will make the baby to babble back to the parents and will make some sounds which will prove that the children is in learning process and the language is developing in the children (Nucci, L. 2009). Responding to the children: The parents of all the children should respond to their questions. This will also led the children to know the proper gesture and words to reply the question. If the children shows a toys that the children wants to play, the parents should always respond to the children as if the child is asking for the toy (Morrow, L. 2010). Everyday talking: Everyday talking to the children by their parents teaches them a lot to develop the language. Every time talking is very necessary for the children. The parents of the children should tell them about the surroundings, should introduce a new word to the children which will help the children to learn new words and will develop the language among the children. The children will learn a lot of new words if the parents of the children can introduce a new word every day to their children (Maholmes, V. 2010). Reading books with the children: Reading books with the children is one of the major processes for the children to learn the language and to develop the language among the children. Each and every parents of the children should read books with their children and share books with their children to learn the language properly and to develop the language among the children. This is because the books contain of motivating and attractive pictures will force the children to focus on the books (Keenan, T. and Evans, S. 2009). How to share the books with the children: The parents of the children should share the books every day while going to the bed. The parents of the children should talk about the stories from the books which will help to grow interest in the children to read books and to learn the language and to develop the language. The parents of the children should read the poems in front of the children as if the parents are singing a song. This will help the children to grow more interest to read the poems, from which they will learn the language quite nicely. The parents of the children should allow the children to tell the story after reading the book. This will help the children to invent new words and will help the children to learn many new words (Harris, J. 2010). For example: Telling the story of Cinderella to the children by their parents will help the children to learn the proper language from the story. The children will learn new words from the story. The children will also know the moral of the story. Every story has a moral behind it. This moral of the story will also help the children to know the language very well. Social and moral development of children: For every child social and moral improvement is mandatory, as they are one of the most important parts of the society, not only that they are the future of the society and the nation as well. From the very beginning children are to be guided by their respective parents in relation to develop the sociological and moral values of the child (Beinart, H., Kennedy, P. and Llewelyn, S. 2009). Children are not bound to learn anything as they are the most innocent creature of the nature, for that reason the way of learning for the children have to be very simple and interesting for them. Anything which is interesting and new in nature attracts the minds of the children. So the parents or the guardians of every child have to adapt some easy ways to make their children learn about the society. Children are very much enthusiastic in relation to stories; in this regard they used to learn a lot of primary things from the stories. For instance the story of Cinderella is quite interesting for child ren as they find it very attractive. Every child has a lot of curiosity regarding every unknown thing and the parents should use this sense of curiosity of children in terms of teaching them in their preferable manner (Brock, D. 2009). In the story of Cinderella, where a poor girl suffers from the cruelty inflicted by her step mother and did not have anything for her own and in respect of her basic needs. From this point of story a child who is hearing this story can understand the moral value of Cinderella and the child also knows about the negative facts and circumstances of the society. A child know the mother as the most favorite companion as the child from the time of birth sees mother but by way of this story the child would be able to understand the difference among the love of the mother and the torture of the step mother, which is a very significant reality of the society. Afterwards in the story the girl suffers from a lot of difficulties, it makes the moral values of the child quite stronger as the child knows about the social difficulties which may arise in the life span of a human being and the manner by which these difficulties affects the life of a human being (Browne Miller, A. 2009). Later on in the story the poor girl Cinderella finds her prince but here also her step mother and sisters put hurdles on her way, by virtue of that the child knows about the fact that there is always a hope in life. Nothing is eternal and after a lot of difficulties one day the situation is going to come under control. It makes the ethical value of the child more positive and it also promotes the moral and psychological stability of the child. It imposes upon the mind of the child that there is always a hope and it never gets over (Gerken, L. 2008). Cinderella was blessed that she will become a princes till the midnight and thereafter she will become again in her actual posture that is the character of a maid. This kind fictitious thing makes the story interesting and also attracts the attention of the child. By virtue of this part of the story the mind of the child gets a boost and the child also enables to know the facts relating to the positive attributes among all the negativity of a particular situation. At the end of the story in spite of putting on a lot hurdles in the path of Cinderella, finally she got her prince charming as the prince recognized her by her sandal and the prince took Cinderella with him and they started to live happily ever after. This is the most important part of the story in relation to its impact upon the moral values of the child. It signifies upon the mind of the child that difficulties are just for the time being and they are not for a permanent tenure, finally all the difficulties goes out but there must be full effort from the part of the person suffering from such difficulties. This makes the mind of the child much more positive in nature and also comes to the knowledge of the child about the social factors are so much relevant in our life. At the end the story, it makes a positive impact upon the mind of the child as to moral and social values and it also make the child aware of the negative facts (Frisiras, C. 2009). Conclusion: It is seen that a good story with substance helps to shape the belief and value system of a child. But a lot depends on how the message in the story is conveyed to the child and whether the child understands it. A good story like Cinderella can help to develop a childs aesthetic sense. Such a story also develops his sense of language and grammar. The child tries to emulate the good characters of the story in his real life. This helps him to become one of the better persons who loves and cares for the people around him References: Beinart, H., Kennedy, P. and Llewelyn, S. (2009). Clinical psychology in practice. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Blakemore, J., Berenbaum, S. and Liben, L. (2009). Gender development. New York: Psychology Press. Brock, D. (2009). Making work, making trouble. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Browne Miller, A. (2009). Raising thinking children and teens. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger/ABC-CLIO. Click, P. and Parker, J. (2009). Caring for school-age children. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. Frisiras, C. (2009). Rural education in the 21st century. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Gerken, L. (2008). Language development. San Diego: Plural Pub. Harris, J. (n.d.). The nurture assumption. Keenan, T. and Evans, S. (2009). An introduction to child development. Los Angeles: SAGE. Maholmes, V. (2011.). Fostering resilience and well-being in children and families in poverty. Morrow, L. (2011.). Literacy development in the early years. Nucci, L. (2009). Nice is not enough. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Merrill/Prentice Hall. Payne, M. (2010.). Modern social work theory. Piedmont, R. and Village, A. (2009). Research in the social scientific study of religion. Leiden, NL: Brill. Reed, M. (2009). Children and language. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Sameroff, A. (2009). The transactional model of development. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Whitehead, M. (2009). Supporting language and literacy development in the early years. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Wolff, S. (2009). Children under stress. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Joseph Stalin Essays (523 words) - Old Bolsheviks, Marxist Theorists

Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin was born on Dec. 21, 1876 in Gori, Georgia. Joseph Stalins original name was Iosef Vissaronovich Ozhungashvili, but he adopted his name to Joseph Stalin which means, man of steel (World Book 825). His fathers name was Vissarion Ivanovich Djugashvili. His father was a drunk and had a job being a shoemaker. Since Josephs father didnt make much money Josephs mom, Ekaterina Gleladaz Djugaholi, who became a washerwoman to help support her family. The Stalins lived in a small shack, and Joseph was an only child. When Joseph was a young boy Stalins father left him. In 1888 Stalin was sent to a church school in Gori (World Book 825). He spent 5 years there and was a brilliant student. Stalin received a scholarship at the religious seminary in Tbilisi. To a surprise, Stalin entered his school to study priesthood in the Georgian Orthodox Church in the year 1984 (World Book 825). In 1898, Stalin joined a secret Marxist revolutionary group (World Book 825). Stalin got expelled from his school for not appearing for an examination. Stalin joined a Marxist movement and when it split in 1903, he went with more radical Bolsheviks. In 1904 he married but his wife died of tuberculosis after 3 years (World Book 825). He married again in 1919, but his 2nd wife killed herself, leaving Stalin with a son and daughter (World Book 825). The son became an alcoholic and his daughter defected to the United States During Stalins underground career he was arrested at least 6 times and spent time as an exile in Siberia. He engaged in robbery, murder, labor agitation, and served as editor and writer for various newspapers, where he first used the name Stalin (The Red Tsar http.go2net.com). When the communist come to power in 1922 Stalin got a great position as a Secretary General of Communist Party (World Book 826). Before Lenin died he thought that Stalin was too vicious of a man. Lenin wrote a note to Leon Trotsky to succeed him. Stalin had Lenins note suppressed and joined with two other members the Poliboro to defeat Trotsky. Then Stalin turned on the two who helped him defeat Trotsky and by 1928 had made himself the dictator of the Soviet Union (The Red Tsar http.go2net.com). With power in his hand Stalin began his five-year plan. The plan was to industrialize the country, a program that went hand-in-hand with a plan to bring all agriculture under state country. This initial attempt to industrialize the country (as compared with later attempts) was generally successful, but collectivization was extremely unpopular and was resisted by the peasants. In response Stalin had millions of them killed, or allowed to starve to death. In 1934 Stalin began a massive slaughter of party members and military leaders, and in 1937 entered into the famous nonagression pact with Adolph Hitler (The Red Tsar http.go2net.com). Hitler later broke the pact and attacked the Soviet Union. 1953 Stalin died (World Book 828). Biographies

Different Interpretations of Key speeches from Othello and Iago in Act 1, scene 3 Essays

Different Interpretations of Key speeches from Othello and Iago in Act 1, scene 3 Essays Different Interpretations of Key speeches from Othello and Iago in Act 1, scene 3 Paper Different Interpretations of Key speeches from Othello and Iago in Act 1, scene 3 Paper From just one set of words many different interpretations can be made, whether you look at it contextually or whether you look at those words in a different mood. Every different person will come up with a different interpretation, just as Burge, Nunn and Miller have done and produced film versions of Othello, playing particular interest in the way they direct this scene. Language always has a hidden meaning, especially in Shakespeare and one word can be interpreted in many different ways. Othello is a military man, of high status in society, although he is black. His social status and his want, in my opinion, to know as much as he can and his pride makes him a perfect character for a Shakespearian tragedy. So from the very beginning of the play it is apparent that Othello is the hero in this play and that in some way he is going to be manipulated by someone and slowly deteriorate. We can assume this from the beginning as from each interpretation I have seen the music at the beginning is of a deep done, usually of bells chiming, almost like the sound of death. However Iago is the manipulative, sly man who we know is going to be there be because this is a Shakespearian play. He is clearly jealous of Othello and believes he should be in a better position than he is because of the line, know my price. He is a very persuasive man, which we see a great deal of in his speech, put money in they purse Iago is constantly telling people what to do then making up reasons why to persuade them. Also literary techniques are used to try and persuade people too, such as the power of three. Put money in they purse is repeated three times, stressing its importance, almost persuading the reader to believe him. This is also an example of dramatic irony as the audience know what kind of a man Iago is by him secretive motives, such as the line, monstrous birth to the worlds light. Suggesting he wants to complete his ideas and make them work. My interpretation of Othellos speech is that he is very confident and sure of himself, as the language used is persuasive and not weak meaningless words. It is almost like it is a rehearsed speech as every pause and every line seems to be perfectly considered. Because of this I believe it makes Othello look very arrogant and sound like he doesnt care for Desdemona, the only care he has it that he has won her. If you were sincerely sorry you would say so, not the line, her father loved me, oft invited me, which suggests that this is all Brabantios fault. This line in particular suggests to me that Othello is quite an arrogant man, so sure of himself that there is nothing wrong with what he has done. Iagos speech suggests to different things in my opinion; when he is talking to other people he is very manipulative and persuasive in getting what he wants. To do this he uses emotive language and rhetorical questions such as, Drown Thyself? This is a technique used to persuade and encourage a person to think and agree with you, which shows quite a sly manner. However when he is on his own he shows a deeply concentrating person, who is thinking about their deepest darkest thoughts. With words such as hell and monstrous and hate suggests very strong feelings of anger and in my opinion shows evil. Also rhetorical questions to himself such as, how? How? Show how he is questioning himself and his motives, but he I believe is questioning himself to assure himself he is powerful enough to do such things. As a director Burge I believe tried to show you both speeches as symbols of power. Othello was portrayed standing tall, in the middle of a circle with a slow pace of talking to show the power he has. His speech is controlled, he shows no emotion and he laughs occasionally. I believe this is to show how arrogant Othello is and how he appears to not care at all for Desdemona, as he is not trying in any way to please Brabantio, he laughs as him! Also symbolically he looks up when talking about battles he has fought, almost as if he has a link with the heavens because he has done this, and the line hills whose heads touch heaven. The description of the mountain is personified possibly to mean that this is a description of him, again showing how much power he has as a mountain is a breathtaking view! Burge here has also made Othello look more important by making Brabantio and the senators look stupid because there is a sense of irony from Othello when witchcraft is mentioned, he laughs! This undermines Brabantio and shows clearly the strong mind of Othello at this point in the play. Burge shows Iago as overpowering as he has a very loud tone of voice, he is very persuasive. The camera angle used is close up on his carefully showing his facial expressions and his sly smile which is almost permanently on his face. However there is again this shift of behaviour between when he is on his own and when he is with others, because as soon as he is on his own, his movements become twitchier, almost like he doesnt like the depth at which he is thinking at. He argues with himself as well which suggests he doesnt like what he is doing, I havet this is him just justifying himself to himself! The close camera angle shows the real hatred in his eyes when he says, I hate the moor which really emphasises this idea of hatred and the balance of power. Finally there is a sense of dramatic irony because as the audience we know something is going to go wrong so by him thinking about his motives this is a sense of dramatic irony. Cassios a proper man This is ironic as the audience know what Iago thinks of Cassio, however he says this n a way that implies that it is going to be different to harm the reputation of Cassio, almost as if Cassio presents a problem. Nunns version shows a totally different side to Othello but a similar view on Iago. Othello is portrayed as a loyal, kind man who has social status and responsibility. He has a deep military voice and stands up to address the senators in a military way. Potent, grave shows how seriously he is taking the allegations very seriously and his facial expressions show how upset Othello is that people think he has hurt Desdemona. He reflects on what Brabantio used to think of him and leans over the table where the senators are to draw them in. Nunn does this again to show the power Othello has. Nunn shows Iago to be overpowering again by giving him a brawn voice. But when he is in his soliloquy he is fidgeting and breathing heavily, to add to this atmosphere how he sits at the table causes a shadow to fall over his face showing this kind of evil vs. reality idea. His true thoughts are so strong he is unable to sit still and this difference is shown clearly through the use of movement. This use of separation in the soliloquy is a dramatic technique to show the reader the true motives of Iago and the way he thinks. This was very effectively done by the twitching during his soliloquy. Miller takes a very different approach to these scenes, a very comical one. Othello and Iago are shown as the best of friends, helping each other and talking to each other not about each other. Miller presents Othello as a man who isnt concerned about the thoughts of others and a proud man who cares for Desdemona. He shows this because Othello talks calmly and from experience, almost like his just telling his story, which shows confidence. He smiles when he talks about Desdemona and is unafraid of what people think of him, which suggests a genuine man. Iago has a cockney accent making up perhaps for the fact that he is seen to be more equal to Othello, the cockney accent suggests, especially when in contrast to Roderigo, that he has less social status. This is a different way of showing that Iago is of less importance to Othello. There is a lot of emphasis on the questions he asks people, such as, Thou art sure of me? This question shows just how persuasive Iago can be. This a technique used to manipulating people. The way that Miller has Iago laugh in an evil way when he talks alone about Roderigo is a good way of showing how Iago is a darker character in the play. He doesnt care how he hurts the more he just wants to. In conclusion all of these interpretations use different dramatic techniques to convey a meaning, which is the difference between the characters of Othello and Iago. Each director plays each character differently and therefore shows a different interpretation to the statuses of these men in the play. All the techniques used are for film use and therefore may be harder to do if acted on stage, but through the use of emphasis on key language it is also possible to convey different meanings using this technique.

An Exploration of the Representation of Teenagers in Two British Films, Films Are History Boys and Kidulthood

The representation of teenagers can be very contrasting at times teenagers can be represented as a problem within society however they can be represented as the hope for society in terms of education. The representation of teenagers has changed throughout the 20th century, since the films of Elvis Presley and the Beatles in the 50’s and 60’s (15). The two films I chose are set in the 1980’s (History Boys) and modern day London (Kidulthood). History Boys is a based around Sheffield grammar school and Kidulthood is based in London, both released in 2006. Kidulthood is an example of rights of passage in teenagers, because its tagline is â€Å"Before Adulthood Comes Kidulthood†, meaning that there is some form of right of passage before you are a adult. One of the first representations of teenagers that is apparent within either films is the use of language within Kidulthood uses language such as â€Å"bruv†, â€Å"blud†, â€Å"mandem† â€Å"chatting†, â€Å"pussyhole†. When there is a dialogue with older characters such as Jay and Trife’s Mum an air of politeness towards the adult is emphasised and when it is between teenage character they speak in use of language. Whereas History boys the teenagers are very polite. They are represented in a negative manner within the film due to their language and speech towards others. In my film I want to show characters in a polite manner, because of History Boys’s aspects. The representation in both films of teenagers within a context of a school is quite contrasting. In History Boys the main emphasis for the teenagers in this setting is based upon and you are judged on the university you go too evident through their struggle to get places at Oxbridge. They strive for perfection with results. In terms of the playground setting everyone is equal, the younger years walk side by side with the higher years, and the higher years are very friendly with the teachers, therefore showing that teenagers are responsible and are shown in a positive attitude. Whereas, Kidulthood is a complete binary opposition to History Boy’s in terms of a school setting, the playground is dominated by elder years, and the only way you see younger years is that they run through the mise-en-scene because bullies such as Sam and others own the playground and others are continuously victimised within this setting. A key scene is when the bell rings and a teacher is instructing the students. Trife just squares up to him, therefore showing school has a lack of hierarchy and respect. This influences my campaign material, because I could use school as a negative experience with a character turning it positively with what they achieve. When you first watch the film there is suggestions that in â€Å"Kidulthoods Britain, our teenagers are reckless hedonists, living for their moment under a whirl of as much sex, coke, blowjobs, weed and booze as they can cram into their Oh my days! lives. Theyre having a laugh. However, look behind the blurred sheen of peer-pressure narcotics and I-fell-asleep-during-sex-ed relationships and youll find guns, baseball bats, muggings, booze and teen pregnancy. For these adolescents, you need to have a tragic experience to learn about the very notion of consequence. This therefore suggests that Kidulthood is a sweeping generalisation of life in London, I want to refle ct the positivity within London and turn all these issues into a positive manner for my character, that it is your thinking not the consequences. 3) A representations that most teenagers face in modern day Britain portrayed within Kidulthood, was that Jay, Trife and Moony went into a shop and they looked at hats and they were immediately judged on their appearance, shown by the secretary guard of the shop subtly watching them. They leave the shop, and the secretary guard chases them, because he thinks that Trife’s hat is stolen, but it eventually becomes the realisation due to a shop assistant sticking up for them, that he was already wearing it when entering the shop. This is a hugely key representation of teenagers, because sometimes teenagers are stereotyped and put into a group that is an unfair reflection on them as individuals, because of what the majority of adults understand from the media stereotypes and news stories. This would be included in my marketing campaign as a teenager’s right of passage who shrugs off negative stereotypes, and therefore earning a right of passage, because of the school they go to, they are immediately put into the crowd and they have to turn ideas about teens around. Comparatively, the representation of teenagers in History Boys consists of the idea that exams are the main priority in life, and going to a good university is the done thing due to having a class full of Oxbridge candidates and getting straights A’s in A levels and if you don’t you have failed, because the pupil who earned 1 A and 2 B’s was extremely disappointed with this. This representation of teenagers is that they are very one dimensional in terms of education and all they want is to enter the Uk’s conveyer belt to university and eventually employment. This would link in with my campaign material because this is my characters priority and contending with distractions from the society they are based and they are able to take oppurtunities given to them. (4) One of the hugely key representations of teenagers within Kidulthood, is that gun and knife crime are a normal way of life, and that sex is just a way of getting what you want, or as a tool as to what you want, such as the example of Becky’s sexual pursuits for drugs which is includes dragging Alicia along. She is also represented as being very vain, because when Alicia sticks up to the school bully all she is really worried about is the fact that her face might scarred, and she seems to be very selfish and doesn’t think of others at all. Therefore one of the many representations of teenagers is that sometimes they can be very vain, moody and selfish. My campaign material will show that teenagers can be selfless and not selfish. 2) Equally the lyrics of the songs incorporated within Kidulthood reflect the problems faced by, and in various stages within the film, such as the character Katie listening to lyrics that are reflecting her problems and issues from her perspective. The same goes for Trife, Moony and all the other characters in the film. The representation of teenagers is therefore that, they listen to lyrics which reflect and their life and therefore can feel empathy with. According to a article I found â€Å"Music is the voice of the youth and adds to the theme of the film (teenagers). The music helps to bring home the message of the youth. Music plays almost throughout the film, intensifying and giving. †(2) This is a suggestion the music can create meaning within a film. The music as part of my campaign material will reflect the style of the film. One of the main differences between the two films in terms of the representation of teenagers within both these films is that the usual representation from each director, because Menhaj Huda (Kidulthood) has directed films depicting teenage life, because he directed a drama called West 10 LDN, which is a drama depicting a teenager going through my trials and tribulations within their daily lives. He also revolutionised the industry for new directors in the late 90’s. Equally the distribution company of Kidulthood being revolver entertainment, this also depicts violence and sex as being part of every day lives. The films they distribute show that the emphasis of their films, because they are called â€Å"Young people Fucking†- about couples in romantic relationships and â€Å"Wassup Rockers†- which is about Guatemalan and El Salvadorian street gangs in Los Angeles, this shows the daily dog eat dog lives they lead. Noel Clarke also co wrote Kidulthood and he directed the sequel to it, so therefore these individuals understand the problems faced by teenagers today. Whereas the director and distribution company of History Boys has a completely different aspects life, because Nicholas Hynter two films that have been showing teenagers as hardworking and in a positive light. This is most explicit with examples such as Center Stage, which is about dancers enrolling in a professional ballet academy, and how they deal with these. Along with History Boys Hynter portrays teenagers to be much more than violent, sex obsessed youths. Even with the distribution company of Fox search light productions who’s repertoire includes distributing such film successes with it being used for indie films and British films such as Slumdog Millionaire, Bend it like Beckham and Juno. Some films such as thirteen and Napoleon Dynamite which portray teenagers in less positive aspects of teenage life. Therefore one of the main ways in which representation of teenagers are different is because of what sort of audience they would appeal to. I feel a positive representation should be applied, because the media today represents teenagers with such negativity. (6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20) A review on Kidulthood states that â€Å"In Kidulthoods Britain, our teenagers are reckless hedonists, living for their moment under a whirl of as much sex, coke, blowjobs, weed and booze as they can cram into their Oh my days! lives. Theyre having a laugh. However, look behind the blurred sheen of peer-pressure narcotics and I-fell-asleep-during-sex-ed relationships and youll find guns, baseball bats, muggings, booze and teen pregnancy. For these adolescents, you need to have a tragic experience to learn about the very notion of consequence. †- This part of the review suggests that teenagers that live in London are shown to be quite pressured by peers, and has differed from previous films such as History boys. In my campaign material I want to challenge these stereotypes, through the ideas I bring across. (3) For any teenager, puberty makes a teenager’s mind quite confused in terms of sexuality and other issues. In History Boys, the idea of sexual confusion and homosexuality is represented as being quite prominent. This is shown by one of the Oxbridge applicants asking for advice from the new teacher called Irwin, and that homosexuality is becoming a confusing issue within teenage life in the 80’s. Dakin one of the students is extremely confident with his sexuality and life in general, because of his status within the group, because he is the object of the confusion. Therefore a representation of teenagers within History boys is about the many issues to do with sexuality such as homosexuality and other sexual issues within the context of puberty. I want to portray this as a problem for my character to deal with along with exams. (21) Conclusively, the representation of teenagers within the two British films Kidulthood and History Boys differ completely in terms of different representations of teenagers being depicted by their class, and therefore depending on their class how their life is lead and what issues arise as seen in these two films. I shall therefore challenge this problem. Bibliography 1. Kidulthood film and History boys film- Focus Films 2. www. academicdb. com/Mass_Communications_and_Documentation/ kidadulthoo d_review___How_are_teenagers_L137186. html – To understand what other students were discussing in terms of representation 3. http://www. totalfilm. com/reviews/cinema/kidulthood – understand what a prestigious film magazine thought about the film. 4. http://www. bbc. co. uk/films/2006/10/04/the_history_boys_2006_review. shtmlunderstand the context of the exams within the film. 5. http://www. c hannel4. com/film/reviews/film. jsp? id=156095 – To understand what a rival would say about the film but it was just for my own help rather than the essay. All the below were all to get a context for the film in terms of director and distribution companies in terms of representation of teenagers for both sides. 6. http://www. britfilms. com/britishfilms/directors/? id=C3BC981002c2a25B4CrRt2DF 93DE 7. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Menhaj_Huda 8. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nicholas_Hytner 9. http://www. imdb. com/name/nm0405336/ 10. http://www. guardian. co. uk/stage/2003/mar/30/theatre. artsfeatures 11. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/West_10_LDN 12. http://www. imdb. com/name/nm0399630/ 13. http://www. myspace. com/13608234 14. http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Noel_Clarke 15. http://www. antiessays. com/free-essays/15181. html comparison of era of teen films. * 16. http://www. imdb. com/name/nm0164929/ 17. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_History_Boys_(film) 18. http://en . wikipedia. org/wiki/Fox_Searchlight_Pictures 19. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kidulthood 20. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Revolver_Entertainment 21. http://www. oppapers. com/essays/History-Boys-Consider-Significance- Characterisation-Either/179335 To understand the representation of sexuality for the teenagers within the film. 1,858 words

Modernisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modernisation - Essay Example As a result of this each unit focused on a specific task and was directly accountable for it. Cowper (2001) goes on to say that post 1997, in the second phase of the reform process, the labour Government headed by Tony Blair has focused on 'partnership and collaboration within the public sector.' The focus he says has " shifted from outputs to outcomes, and there is a drive to take a longer-term view in policymaking and a consumer view in service delivery." A significant aspect of modernization has been the introduction of technology to the various areas of work. Consumerist orientation of the public sector has also been an area of focus. According to Schofield, (2003) The biggest challenge for the public sector is to ensure high quality service within a limited budget. Along with these aspects comes the key area of employee relations. As the structure and focus of the organization changes, the impact is likely to be felt most by the people who work in the organization. This paper focuses on the implications of this modernization agenda on public sector industrial relations Using the available research and publications on the modernization of the public sector and public service employment relations, this paper will begin by looking at the need for modernization and the key objectives of modernization. The next section will focus on the changing face of industrial relations in the age of modernization. The focus will then shift to the significance of employee relations in the present era. Based on the findings of Dr. Stephen Bach's paper titled 'HR and new approaches to Public Sector Management: Improving HRM Capacity' (2000) and Lynette Harris' paper titled, 'UK public sector reform and gaining commitment to the 'performance agenda," (2003) this section will deal with some of the challenges that lie ahead in the modernization or reform focus. The key issue raised will be the need for better Human resource Management Practices to ensure better employee relations and greater job satisfaction. What is Modernisation According to the Policy Brief, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005),Today Governments all over the world are under increasing pressure to open up to public scrutiny and be more accessible to the people who elected them. It was with a view to cater to this public demand , increase public trust in the Government and to improve the quality of services offered by the public sector that the Government , Cowper (2001) says introduced its modernizing agenda with a 5 point programme: a. to make policy making more evidence-based b. to make services more responsive, more coherent public and focused on the user; c. to deliver high quality, efficient public services; d. to introduce information age, on-line government including the first corporate IT strategy for government to value and reward public service with a program of Civil Service reform e. and greater diversity in recruitment As Cowper (2001) points out, the driving force behind the modernization agenda is the outcome. This model focuses on the result for the user in terms of their life or business and for the government in terms of social or economic or political change. It is not just in the United Kingdom but across the world that public sector management is in a flux. According to a white

1.Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or Essay - 1

1.Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or musical performance - Essay Example (Sullivan&Sheffrin, 2003). The museum is divided into two; the North and South wings, housing the department of Biology and Geology respectively. At the main entrance, there is a sculpture on the ground level with a massive pigmented stone on the doorway, flanked by standing lamps designed in a well groomed manner. The museum has an atrium gallery with plenty of space, dominated by a well-designed sweeping staircase made of Alabama marble and well supported by manicured iron. The two departments have classrooms and laboratories, with basements housing the Museum’s teaching collections and field equipment; both are used by students and lectures. The museum provides a natural historical experience. It contains thousands of invaluable specimens from all kinds of scientific research. It contains historical documents, records and souvenirs which are well preserved. The visit gives one a full glimpse of what natural diversity means by exhibiting a number of dinosaurs, coal age, ice age and others. There is also a distinct exhibition of extinct collections of Geological artefacts and Zoology, which included preserved animals placed in clear enclosed windowpanes. Different minerals were also presented, some old, and having different textures and colours. Examples of the minerals included gem stones, iron ores, silt, diamonds, and specks of copper. Palaeontology items included different types of plant species, shrubs, leaves, seeds and ethnologically written documents explaining facts and whereabouts of different tribes in the world. Lastly, there was a number of photography that was done in different scenes in different time perio ds, showing different locations, or countries of the world. All the specimens, artefacts and other historical items were all labelled as properties of the museum. The well-marked names, labels and short brief descriptions of the items of specimens provided the learner or the viewer with a clear meaning of